APPENDIX 11

TRANSPARENCY MASTERS

The overhead transparency masters that follow have been prepared from figures in METEOROLOGY- The Atmosphere and the Science of Weather, Third Edition, by Joseph M. Moran and Michael D. Morgan.

Trans. No

1. The average variation of temperature with altitude within the atmosphere.
2. The ionosphere, at altitudes above 80 km, regions of charged subatomic particles reflect outgoing radio waves.
3. The electromagnetic spectrum.
4. The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is the distance between successive crests or successive troughs.
5. The intensity of solar radiation as a function of wavelength.
6. The intensity of radiation emitted by the Earth-atmosphere system as a function of wavelength.
7. The intensity of solar radiation that strikes the Earth's surface varies with changes in solar altitude.
8. The Earth's orbit is an ellipse, with the sun located at one focus.
9. The seasons change because the Earth's equatorial plane is inclined to its orbital plane.
10. At the autumnal and vernal equinoxes, insolation is maximum at the equator, and day and night are of equal length everywhere.
11. At the Northern Hemisphere summer solstice, maximum insolation is at 23 degrees, 27 minutes N. and days are longer than nights everywhere north of the equator.
12. At the Northern Hemisphere winter solstice, maximum insolation is at 23 degrees, 27 minutes S, and days are shorter than nights everywhere north of the equator.
13. Absorption of radiation by selected components of the atmosphere is shown as a function of wavelength.
14. A comparison of the three temperature scales: Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit.
15. Variation of average monthly temperatures for (A) maritime San Francisco and (B) continental St. Louis.
16. An index of continentality gauges the influence of oceans on air temperature over continents.
17. Average annual heating degree-day totals over lower 48 states.
18. The distribution of 100 units of incoming solar radiation and outgoing, infrared radiation on a global scale indicates excess heating at the Earth's surface.
19. Heat is added to raise the temperature of ice and water and to change the phase of water.
20. Variation by latitude of absorbed solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation.
21. A series of energy transformations operate with the Earth-atmosphere system.
22. Cold air advention (A); warm air advection (B).
23. Variation of air pressure with altitude.
24. A trace from a barograph showing the variation in air pressure reduced to sea level at Green Bay, Wisconsin.
25. The hydrologic cycle is a continuous transfer of water among terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric reservoirs.
26. On a calm day relative humidity varies inversely with air temperature.
27. As an unsaturated parcel of air ascends in the atmosphere, it expands and cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
28. Rising parcels of saturated (cloudy) air cool at the moist adiabatic lapse rate.
29. Upward and downward displacements of an unsaturated air parcel within stable air.
30. Upward and downward displacements of an unsaturated air parcel within unstable air.
31. Air stability is determined by comparing vertical temperature profiles with the dry adiabatic lapse rate for unsaturated air parcels and with the moist adiabatic lapse rate for saturated air parcels.
32. Warm, light air displaces cooler, denser air by overriding the cool air along a gently sloping frontal surface.
33. Cool air displaces lighter warm air by sliding under the warm air.
34. Mountain-wave clouds form when a mountain range deflects the horizontal wind into a wavelike pattern.
35. A relatively large water droplet collides and coalesces with much smaller droplets in its path.
36. Ice crystals grow within a cloud, colliding with super-cooled water droplets and other ice crystals as they fall, until they are large enough to fall out of the cloud as snowflakes.
37. A solar ray is retracted and internally reflected by a raindrop.
38. Refraction of sunlight by raindrops and double reflection within raindrops produce a dimmer secondary rainbow just above the primary rainbow.
39. The horizontal air pressure gradient is relatively steep where isobars are close together (A) and relatively weak where isobars are farther apart (B).
40. Sloshing water back and forth in a bathtub creates a horizontal pressure gradient on the bottom of the tub.
41. When viewed from space, our north-south, east-west frame of reference changes as the Earth rotates on its axis.
42. The Coriolis effect deflects large-scale air f low.
43. Turbulent eddies develop in the wind on the leeward side of a house.
44. With hydrostatic equilibrium, the upward-directed vertical pressure gradient force ating on an air parcel is balanced by the downward-directed force of gravity.
45. The geostrophic wind is a consequence of a balance between the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis effect.
46. In a Northern Hemisphere anticyclone above the friction layer, the gradient wind blows clockwise and parallel to isobars.
47. In a Northern Hemisphere cyclone above the friction layer, the gradient wind.
48. Within the friction layer, the Coriolis effect combines with friction to balance the horizontal pressure gradient force.
49. Surface winds blow clockwise and outward in a Northern Hemisphere anticyclone.
50. Surface winds blow counterclockwise and inward in a Northern Hemisphere cyclone.
51. In this idealized vertical cross section of an anticyclone, air converges aloft, sinks, and diverges at the Earth's surface.
52. In this idealized vertical cross section of a cyclone, air converges at the Earth's surface, rises, and diverges aloft.
53. Surface winds undergo horizontal divergence when blowing from a rough to a smooth surface, and horizontal convergence when blowing from a smooth to a rough surface.
54. Global-scale air circulation on an idealized model of the Earth.
55. Man sea-level air pressure for January and July (in milibars).
56. A schematic representation of the global-scale surface circulation of the atmosphere.
57. Vertical cross section showing the north-south winds in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere.
58. Midlatitude westerlies exhibit a zonal flow pattern aloft when winds blow almost directly west to east.
59. Midlatitude westerlies exhibit a meridional f low pattern aloft when west-to-east winds have a strong meridional component.
60. Aloft, the midiatitude westerlies sometimes exhibit an extreme meridional f low pattern in which huge pools of rotating air are cut off from the main west-to-east circulation.
61. Average locations of the polar front jet stream in winter and summer.
62. Westerly gradient winds speed up in ridges and slow down in troughs, producing convergence and divergence.
63. Air mass source regions for North America.
64. A stationary front has surface winds parallel to the front, and overrunning often produces a wide range of clouds and rain or snow on the cold side.
65. Overrunning along a warm front also triggers cloud development, but the front has a shallow slope at low levels and surface winds on the cold side are retreating.
66. Surface winds on the cold side of a cold front blow toward the front, and clouds and precipitation occur only in a narrow band at and just ahead of it.
67. A midlatitude cyclone passes through its life cycle.
68. A wave cyclone showing typical patterns of (A) surface winds, (B) surface air temperatures, and (C) clouds and precipitation.
69. Principal storm tracks across North America.
70. Surface air streams during the monsoon circulations of January and July.
71. Vertical cross sections of (A) a sea (or lake) breeze and (B) a land breeze.
72. Because of frequent lake-effect snows, the average annual snowfall in the Great Lakes region is greatest downwind of the lakes.
73. When circulation about an anticyclone or cyclone far leeward of a mountain range pulls air down the leeward slope, warm, dry chinook winds develop.
74. A schematic representation of valley and mountain breeze circulation.
75. A thunderstorm's life cycle consists of cumulus, mature, and dissipating stages.
76. Thunderstorm frequency across the United States.
77. Synoptic situation most favorable for the development of severe thunderstorms.
78. Vertical temperature profile most f avorable for the sudden eruption of severe thunderstorms.
79. Hail frequency across the United States.
80. Tornado frequency in number per year within areas defined by 91 km radius circles.
81. Hurricane breeding grounds are located only over certain portions of the world's oceans.
82. Hurrricane trajectories are often erratic.
83. The Doppler effect is the shift in frequency of sound or electromagnetic waves that accompanies the relative motion of the wave source or wave receiver.
84. Weather station model showing symbols used on surface weather maps.
85. Percentage of Christmas mornings with snow on the ground.
86. Doubling the wind speed from 1 to 2 m per second increases the spacing between puffs of smoke by a factor of two, reducing pollution concentrations by one half.
87. Prevailing atmospheric circulation patterns and typographic features combine to give Los Angeles an unusually high air pollution potential.
88. The average annual pH values of rain and snow in 1982 show the acidity of precipitation over North America.
89. Surface waters in many areas of North America are sensitive to acidification.
90. Mean annual global sea-level temperatures in F.
91. Mean global sea-level temperatures for January in F.
92. Mean global sea-level temperatures for July in F.
93. Mean annual global precipitation in centimeters.
94. Reconstruced curve of air temperatures in eastern Europe over the past 1000 years.
95. Variation in mean annual temperature of the Northern Hemisphere, 1881-1983, is expressed as departures from a 100-year mean temperature (in 'C).
96. Climatic variability is influenced by many processes.
97. The Milankovitch cycles in Earth-sun geometry may determine the timing of major glacial-interglacial climatic shifts.
98. Upward trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii.
99. Climatic variability is influenced by the complex interaction of many processes operating within the Earth-atmosphere system.
100. A model of the atmosphere was used to predict the effect of increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other factors on global temperature.